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Software Architecture, Processes, Organization—...

Software Architecture, Processes, Organization—and Humans

In this talk, we’ll look at software architecture, team organization and the interplay between technology and humans. We’ll address some of the patterns and anti-patterns that can be observed when organizations try to evolve towards more decentralization and autonomy, and take a look at some strategies to ensure technology supports and enables the desired outcome.

Stefan Tilkov

January 22, 2020
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  1. Conway’s Law: Organization → Architecture “Organizations which design systems are

    constrained to produce systems which are copies of the communication structures of these organizations.” – M.E. Conway
  2. Conway Reversal 1: Organization ← Architecture Any particular architecture approach

    constraints organizational options – i.e. makes some organizational models simple and others hard to implement.
  3. Choosing a particular architecture can be a means of optimizing

    for a desired organizational structure. Conway Reversal 2: Organization ← Architecture
  4. Pattern: Microservices Description Approach Consequences Design modules as separate deployment

    and operation units, with large degrees of freedom for their implementation Former technical detail (deployment architecture) as first class architectural design principle Network communication as hard-to-cross boundary, enforcing encapsulation Isolation Autonomy Scalability Resilience Speed Experimentation Rapid Feedback Flexibility Replaceability
  5. Antipattern: Microservices Description Reasons Consequences System made up of arbitrarily

    sized, tightly coupled modules communicating over network interfaces Hype-driven architecture Conference-driven development Missing focus on business domain Infrastructure over- engineering “Ripple” effect of changes Complex environment Massive network overhead Performance issues Wild mix of technologies, products & frameworks Hard to understand & maintain (a.k.a. “Distributed Monolith“)
  6. Antipattern: Conference-driven Architecture Description Reasons Consequences Hypes are accepted as

    gospel, and applied to problems regardless of whether they match requirements or not • Hot and shiny toys! • Community respect • Search for guidance • Occasional successes • Motivated developers • Half-time of solutions matches conference cycle time • Acceptance of architecture directly related to # of conference visits
  7. Antipattern: Decoupling Illusion Description Reasons Consequences Technical separation into subsystems/services

    does not match business domain separation • Technical drivers prioritized over business drivers • Lack of awareness for stakeholder needs • Reuse driver furthers single platform approach • Microservices hype • Technical complexity • Conflicting stakeholder needs require coordination • Organizational bottlenecks due to centralized components with highly concurrent requests
  8. Antipattern: Half-hearted Modularization Description Reasons Consequences Modularization is performed in

    one aspect of the lifecycle only • Resistance of one group to participate • Lack of understanding of lifecycle aspects by initiators • Added complexity, limited value • Delivery inhibited by existing processes • New approach might be “burned” for future attempts
  9. Antipattern: Solution Centrism Description Reasons Consequences Implementation solution as unifying

    factor • Vendor influence • Experience drives selection of technology • Sunk cost fallacy • Inefficiency due to hammer/nail problem • Bottleneck by definition • Technology, not domain as unifying factor • Developer frustration • Skills shortage in market • Hard to motivate people to train in proprietary tech
  10. Antipattern: Uncreative Chaos Description Reasons Consequences Lack of architectural structure

    & repeatable process for architectural decisions • No (effective) centralized governance • Non-technical senior management • Focus on unnecessary standardization • Strong business leaders, weak tech leaders • Redundancy in all aspects • Frequent technology discussions between teams • High integration costs and technical debt • Slow delivery capability due to complexity • Complex and expensive
  11. Antipattern: Authoritarian Regime Description Reasons Consequences Centralized decision making, strong

    standardization, homogeneous environment • Unpopular decisions (cost savings, product standardization, …) • (Perceived or real) lack of skills in “lower levels” • Possibly due to company culture • Frustration and developer exodus • Lack of innovation & speed because of bottlenecks • Technology paralysis
  12. Pattern: Regulated Market Description Approach Consequences Let “the free market

    of ideas” decide what works best, but provide a framework of rules for interoperability • Separate micro & macro architecture • Strictly enforced rules for macro architecture • Loose, minimal governance for micro architecture • Motivated developers • Experimentation with different micro architecture approaches possible • Best-of-breed approach • Local optima
  13. Awesome Shop CMS Archive General Ledger Print Shop HR Invoicing

    Accounting Auth Catalog Checkout & Order Search
  14. Awesome Shop CMS Archive General Ledger Print Shop HR Invoicing

    Accounting Auth Catalog Checkout & Order Search Domain Architecture
  15. Ruby on Rails MySQL Java Spring Boot OSS Product COTS

    Java Spring Boot NodeJS ElasticSearch
  16. Ruby on Rails MySQL Java Spring Boot OSS Product COTS

    Java Spring Boot NodeJS ElasticSearch Micro Architecture
  17. Pattern: Autonomous Cells Description Approach Consequences Decentralized, domain- focused cells

    with maximum authority over all aspects of a set of capabilities • Decisions are made locally on all aspects of a solution • Success is measured via customer-oriented KPIs • Cross-functional team with biz, dev, ops skills • Customer/end user focus • Decentralized delivery capability • Speed as #1 priority • “Full-stack” requirement for developers and other roles • Redundancy instead of centralization
  18. The “Tilkov wants a law, too” slide The quality of

    a system’s architecture is inversely proportional to the number of bottlenecks limiting its evolution, development, and operations
  19. The “Tilkov wants a law, too” slide* In a digital

    company, architecture, organization & processes can only evolve together *Attempt #2 in case the 1st one doesn’t catch on
  20. innoQ Deutschland GmbH Krischerstr. 100 40789 Monheim am Rhein Germany

    Phone: +49 2173 3366-0 innoQ Schweiz GmbH Gewerbestr. 11 CH-6330 Cham Switzerland Phone: +41 41 743 0116 www.innoq.com Ohlauer Straße 43 10999 Berlin Germany Phone: +49 2173 3366-0 Ludwigstr. 180E 63067 Offenbach Germany Phone: +49 2173 3366-0 Kreuzstraße 16 80331 München Germany Phone: +49 2173 3366-0 @stilkov That’s all I have. Thanks for listening! Questions? Stefan Tilkov @stilkov [email protected] Phone: +49 170 471 2625
  21. www.innoq.com OFFICES Monheim Berlin Offenbach Munich Hamburg Zurich FACTS ~150

    employees Privately owned Vendor-independent SERVICES Strategy & technology consulting Digital business models Software architecture & development Digital platforms & infrastructures Knowledge transfer, coaching & trainings CLIENTS Finance Telecommunications Logistics E-commerce Fortune 500 SMBs Startups