Romanesque and Gothic Architecture

Romanesque and Gothic Architecture Reading: Nigel Spivey, “Seeing
the Invisible” pp. 201-‐210, 225-‐244. Range: 1000-‐1400 Romanesque, Gothic Terms/Concepts: MonasGcism, BenedicGne, Cistercian, barrel vault, groin vault, oblates, novices, postulants, cloister, historiated column, trumeau, tympanum, jambs, pier buKress, ﬂying buKress, scholasGcism, jambs, sedes sapienGae, seven liberal arts, tree of Jesse, Monument List:   Cluny Plan, France, 1088-‐1130.   Priory Church, Moissac, France, c. 1115.   Cistercian Abbey at Fontenay, France, 1139-‐1147.   Façade, Abbey Church of St. Denis, France, 1140-‐1144.   Chartres Cathedral, France, 1140-‐1144, 1194-‐1220.

2 Art and Trade border of Holy Roman Empire, c.1095
sources of: silver copper iron lead tin trade centre for Viking sculpture (wood/stone/bone) and metalwork centres of metalwork centres of alabaster centres of ivory-working export of alabaster trade route Cu Pb 109 0˚ 10˚ 20˚ 30˚ 40˚ 50˚ 60˚ 60˚ 50˚ 40˚ 10˚ 20˚ 30˚ Pb Pb Cu Cu Cu Limerick Cork Dublin Wexford York Durham Cammin (Kamien) Gdansk ´ ´ Lund Vejrum Lade Urnes Borbjerg Trondheim Lincoln Norwich King’s Lynn Hull London Paderborn Utrecht Hamburg Bruges Paris Tours Vienna Florence Venice Barcelona Perpignan Gerona Valencia Palma Toledo Seville Lisbon Cartagena Zurich Naples Rome Basle Milan Pavia Genoa Siena Pisa Avignon Limoges Bordeaux Fuenterrabia Aviles Morella Nantes Ecaquelon Kermaria Chatelaudren Roscoff Cologne Toulouse Montpellier Santiago de Compostela Burgos Zamora Silos Palermo Messina Catania Otok Prague Buda Kiev Novgorod Waterford Winchester Tutbury Dartmouth Bristol St Albans Poole Evreux Southampton Wolin Zuchau Gross-Grönau Ribe Kaupang Oseberg Flatalunga Dorestad Sigtuna Po Danube Dnieper Dvina Volga Rhône Loire Sein e E lbe Od er Rhine A T L A N T I C O C E A N N O R T H S E A BAY O F B I S C AY BALT IC SEA B L A C K S E A MEDITERRANEAN SEA PYRENEES A L P S HARZ MTS SICILY CORSICA SARDINIA NORWAY ICELAND SWEDEN POLAND ENGLAND FRANCE NORMANDY SCOTLAND IRISH KINGDOMS WELSH PRINCIPALITIES HUNGARY KINGDOM OF ITALY BYZANTINE EMPIRE KINGDOM OF ITALY KINGDOM OF GERMANY DENMARK S E L J U K E M P I R E S FIN N O -U G RIA N S T U R K I C P E O P L E S carved wood carved wood N 0 0 250 miles 350 kms 2 THE SUPPLY OF MATERIALS was essential for art production. In Germany and in England, local stone was in good supply and was a perfect source for buildings and sculpture, while in Scandinavia patrons and artists exploited the rich timber resources. Rare materials like alabaster and metal were exploited at source and then exported to other regions. Trade, a crucial factor in the growing European economy, fuelled the arts. In turn, trade routes contributed to the dispersal of craftsmen and their methods. their newly found positions of power by patronizing the arts. They constructed castles cathedrals. The monasteries that dotted the landscape were also important centres of much of the intellectual creativity was concentrated on devotional subjects.

10˚ 0˚ Jumièges Fécamp Coutances Bayeux Château Gontier Provins St
Denis Huym St Hubert Rouen Gisors Reims Laon Dinant Stavelot Troyes Avesnes Valenciennes Saint-Amand Périgueux Souillac Cahors Bordeaux Moissac Limoges Conques Toulouse Angoulême Lisbon Alcobaca Tomar Coimbra Oporto Ávila Sigena Santiago de Compostela Evora Seville Granada Córdoba Guadalajara Arévalo La Roda Oviedo León Jaca Tahull Leyre Pamplona Salamanca Zamora Ciudad Rodrigo Sahagún Las Huelgas Silos Burgos Loarre Huesca Tarragona Roda da Ribagorça Lérida Gerona Fenovillar L'Écluse Sorède Ripoll Poblet Cuxa San Pedro de Roda Avignon Carcassonne St Gilles-du-Gard Aix Marseille Arles Cluny Macon St Chef Lyon Ebreuil Lavaudieu Perrecy-les-Forges Autun Strasbourg Châlons-sur-Marne Sens Auxerre Saulieu Nevers Orbais Fontevrault Souvigny Le Puy Cressac Brioude Clermont- Ferrand Angers St André des Eaux Langeais Cîteaux Besançon Payerne Ravello Amalfi Atrani Monte Cassino Castellamare di Stabia Calvi Trani Canosa Bari Molfetta Troia Anagni Sta Elia di Nepi Palermo Caltanisetta Taormina Messina Adrano Monreale Ravenusa Cefalù Mazara Siena Sant’ Antimo Assisi Ancona Spoleto Ferentillo Marcellina Ronzano Fossascesia Rome Tivoli Tuscania Termeno Todi Lucca Borgo di S. Donnino Piacenza Turin Ferrara Pompasa Bologna Modena Genoa Spigno Verona Venice Torcello Trieste Aquileia Castel Appiano Vicenza Cremona Como Civate Milan Chiaravalle Vercelli Novara Pisa Volterra Cortona Montepulciano Gimignano Florence Pistoia Poitiers Chauvigny Niort St Savin Les Andelys Bec St Evrault Falaise Caen Mayenne Mont-Saint-Michel Syracuse Vézelay Clairvaux Cambrai Noyon Thérouanne St Bertin Arras Loire Po Eb ro Guadalquivir T agus Rhône Rhine A T L A N T I C O C E A N M E D I T E R R A N E A N S E A A D R I A T I C S P Y R E N E E S A L P S KINGDOM OF GERMANY KINGDOM OF BOHEMIA KINGDOM OF ITALY KINGDOM OF BURGUNDY KINGDOM OF SICILY E M P I R E O F T H E A L M O H A D S P O R T U G A L MUSLIM KINGDOM OF MALLORCA LEÓN CASTILE PAPAL STATES CORSICA SARDINIA ARAGON FRANCE NAVARRE 1 2 3 4 23 33 34 35 26 32 36 37 31 28 29 30 27 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 24 25 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 15 N 0 0 150 miles 200 kms 1 Southern 1000-120 borders border o Holy Rom cathedra with scu cathedra with no castle palace centre o illumina mural pa bronze d stained mosaics centres early Go - Poncé - Tours - Orléans - Vendôme - Dourdan - Château-Landon - Bourges - Brinay - Loches - Tavant - Montmorrillon - Nohant-Vicq - Paray-le-Monial - Berzé-la-Ville - Rocamadour - Ravello - Parma - Pianella - Bominaco 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 - Foro Claudio - Sant’ Angelo in Formis - Benevento - Le Mans - Lausanne - St Maurice d’Augaune - Paris - Pontigny - Étampes - St Loup de Naud - Preuilly - Ivry la Bataille - Mantes - Châteaudun - Chartres - Braine - Senlis - St Germer-de-Fly 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 2 10˚ 0˚ 4 Jumièges Fécamp Coutances Bayeux Château Gontier Provins St Denis Huym St Hubert Rouen Gisors Reims Laon Dinant Stavelot Troyes Avesnes Valenciennes Saint-Amand Périgueux Souillac Cahors Bordeaux Moissac Limoges Conques Toulouse Angoulême a rto Ávila Sigena ompostela ra Seville Granada Córdoba Guadalajara Arévalo La Roda Oviedo León Jaca Tahull Leyre Pamplona Salamanca Zamora Ciudad Rodrigo Sahagún Las Huelgas Silos Burgos Loarre Huesca Tarragona Roda da Ribagorça Lérida Gerona Fenovillar L'Écluse Sorède Ripoll Poblet Cuxa San Pedro de Roda Avignon Carcassonne St Gilles-du-Gard Aix Marseille Arles Cluny Macon St Chef Lyon Ebreuil Lavaudieu Perrecy-les-Forges Autun Strasbourg Châlons-sur-Marne Sens Auxerre Saulieu Nevers Orbais Fontevrault Souvigny Le Puy Cressac Brioude Clermont- Ferrand Angers St André des Eaux Langeais Cîteaux Besançon Payerne Ravello Amalfi Atrani Monte Cassino Castellamare di Stabia Calvi Trani Canosa Bari Molfetta Troia Anagni Sta Elia di Nepi Palermo Caltanisetta Taormina Messina Adrano Monreale Ravenusa Cefalù Mazara Siena Sant’ Antimo Assisi Ancona Spoleto Ferentillo Marcellina Ronzano Fossascesia Rome Tivoli Tuscania Termeno Todi Lucca Borgo di S. Donnino Piacenza Turin Ferrara Pompasa Bologna Modena Genoa Spigno Verona Venice Torcello Trieste Aquileia Castel Appiano Vicenza Cremona Como Civate Milan Chiaravalle Vercelli Novara Pisa Volterra Cortona Montepulciano Gimignano Florence Pistoia Poitiers Chauvigny Niort St Savin Les Andelys Bec St Evrault Falaise Caen Mayenne Mont-Saint-Michel Syracuse Vézelay Clairvaux Cambrai Noyon Thérouanne St Bertin Arras Loire Po Eb ro Guadalquivir us Rhône Rhine N T I C O C E A N M E D I T E R R A N E A N S E A A D R I A T I C S E A P Y R E N E E S A L P S KINGDOM OF GERMANY KINGDOM OF BOHEMIA KINGDOM OF ITALY KINGDOM OF BURGUNDY KINGDOM OF SICILY E M P I R E O F T H E A L M O H A D S P O R T U G A L MUSLIM KINGDOM OF MALLORCA LEÓN CASTILE PAPAL STATES CORSICA SARDINIA ARAGON FRANCE NAVARRE 1 2 3 4 23 33 34 35 26 32 36 37 31 28 29 30 27 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 24 25 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 15 N 0 0 150 miles 200 kms 1 Southern Europe, 1000-1200 borders c. 1180 border of the Holy Roman Empire cathedral/abbey with sculpture cathedral/abbey with no sculpture castle palace centre of manuscript illumination mural paintings bronze doors stained glass mosaics centres of metalwork early Gothic architecture andon illon cq Monial ille ur - Foro Claudio - Sant’ Angelo in Formis - Benevento - Le Mans - Lausanne - St Maurice d’Augaune - Paris - Pontigny - Étampes - St Loup de Naud - Preuilly - Ivry la Bataille - Mantes - Châteaudun - Chartres - Braine - Senlis - St Germer-de-Fly 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

Saint-‐MarGn-‐du-‐Canigou, French Pyrenees, 1001-‐1026.

Flavian Amphitheater (Coliseum), Rome, 72-‐80 BCE. ★
The Romans were known for their advancements in arch and vault technology.

Groin Vault Flavian Amphitheater (Coliseum), Interior Vaults, Rome,
72-‐80 BCE. ★ Roman vaults were typically made with concrete, which is lighter and easier to form than stone.

★ The knowledge to make concrete was lost to
Medieval Europe. Saint-‐MarGn-‐du-‐Canigou, French Pyrenees, 1001-‐1026. Groin Vault

10˚ 40˚ 50˚ 60˚ Toulouse Périgueux Aniane Narbonne Lérins Gerona
Poitiers Saintes St Maixent Vienne Chalon Arles Gellone Urgel Liebana Bordeaux Aix-en-Provence London Paris Fleury Milan Bobbio Monza Ratisbon Freising Mondsee Salzburg St Gall Chur Müstair Constance Verona Venice Aquileia Ravenna Lucca Nonantola Rome Monte Cassino Farfa Naples Lyon Barcelona 25 Utrecht York Cividale Lorsch Strasbourg Jarrow Whitby Bangor Nendrum Monasterboice Glendalough Clonard St Mullin’s Lindisfarne Monkwearmouth Jouarre Echternach Reims Dol Corbie Aachen Cologne Stavelot 1 2 3 9 10 8 22 14 11 12 4 Murbach 5 6 7 16 Flavigny 18 21 19 17 15 13 24 Metz Trier Lobbes Laon 20 Essen Nivelles Péronne St Vaast d’Arras 23 Basle Reichenau Dijon Luxeuil Disentis Augsburg St Wandrille Léhon Redon Le Mans Nantes Noirmoutier St Philibert-de-Grand-Lieu Landévennec Jumieges St Bertin Liège Osnabrück Münster Bremen Hamburg Verden Minden Gandersheim Hersfeld Fulda Mainz Würzburg Amorbach Melrose Ruthwell Ripon Iona Clonmacnoise Armagh Malmesbury St Denis Orléans Tours Benevento San Vincenzo Salerno Vivarium Pavia Canterbury Langres Bourges Rhône Tagus Ebro Danube Elbe Vistula A T L A N T I C O C E A N N O R T H S E A MEDITERRANEAN SEA A D R I A T I C S E A BA L T I C S E A A L P S PYRE N E E S B ALEARIC IS CORSICA SARDINIA SICILY 2 Monasteries, Writing Centres and Artistic Work Carolingian schools/scriptoria/literary centres important monasteries founded 4th-7th century monasteries founded 6th-9th century probable centres of manuscript illumination distribution of objects decorated in the Tassilo chalice style N 0 0 200 miles 300 kms 1. Prüm 2. Weissenburg 3. Faremoutiers 4. Troyes 5. Chiemsee 6. Tegernsee 7. Benediktbeuern 8. St Amand 9. Meaux 10. Amiens 11. Whithorn 12. Hexham 13. Sens 14. Chelles 15. Auxerre 16. Autun 17. St Germigny-des-Prés 18. Ferrières 19. Nevers 20. Maastricht 21. St Germain-des-Prés 22. Rouen 23. St Riquier 24. Hauvillers 25. Werden 2 MONASTERIES WERE FOUNDED by local with the support of local aristocraci also by missionaries, often coming f Isles. A few were large and wealthy, many small and poor ones required implements of valued materials and along with reliquaries and books. A engaged in production, but all prov for artistic works. similarly incorporated in liturgica luxury bookbindings. The Roman tradition survived and through Christianity, Rome b contemporaries not the city of Ca Augustus but of saints Peter and great churches built in late Antiq Constantine and his followers co use, but during this period only o building was converted for Christ Hadrian’s domed Pantheon was r S. Maria ad Martyres in 609. In a f new phenomenon, large painted panels representing Christ or his created and displayed in many ch sometimes carried in processions city, for example the so-called Ch kept in the Lateran chapel of the Sanctorum (‘the Holy of Holies’) at least the end of the eighth cen Greco-Roman civilization was culture in which books played a l their role was both altered and in through the emergence and trium Christianity and Islam (establishe the 8th century). Each of them ha book at its core and both develop of decorated book commonly refe ‘illuminated’. Even in late Antiquit MonasGcism: 1000-‐1200 •  Extensive Reforms around the BenedicGne Order. •  New Orders Formed •  Thousands of buildings built and remodeled.

Cluny Plan Cluny Plan, France, 1088-‐1130.

Cluny ReconstrucGon, France, 1088-‐1130.

Restored View of the third abbey church (Cluny III), Cluny,
France, 1088-‐1130.

Cluny Nave, ReconstrucGon, France, 1088-‐1130.

Cluny Today Archaeological Park, 2010.

Priory Church, Moissac, France, c. 1115.

South Portal, Priory Church, Moissac, France, c. 1115.

Diagram of Romanesque portal. Tympanum South portal of Saint-Pierre.
Moissac, France. c.1115.

Christ in Majesty, South portal of Saint-Pierre, Moissac, France, c.1115.
MaKhew Mark Luke John Twenty-‐Four Elders

Trumeau South portal of Saint-Pierre. Moissac, France. c.1115.

Trumeau, South Portal Lions and Old Testament Prophet (Jeremiah or
Isaiah?) c.1115 Church of Saint-Pierre Moissac, France (Stokstad 15-23) Trumeau, South Portal, Lions and Old Testament Prophet (Jeremiah or Isaiah?), Church of Saint-Pierre, Moissac, France, c.1115.

Trumeau, South Portal, Lions (Jeremiah or Isaiah?), Church of Saint-Pierre,
Moissac, France, c.1115

South portal of Saint-Pierre. Moissac, France. c.1115-1135.

Vices/Lazarus, Porch, South Portal, Priory Church at Moissac,
France, c. 1115.

Lazarus and Dives, Porch, South Portal, Priory Church at
Moissac, France, c. 1115. Dives Lazarus the Leper Soul Soul

Death of a Miser Torment of
Avarice Torment of Lust Scene of Torment

Historiated Column Cloister, Priory Church, Moissac, France, c.
1115.

Cloister Relief “Dove Capital,” Cloister, Moissac, France, c.
1115.

The Followers of Jesus, Historiated Capital, Cloister, Moissac, France,
c. 1115. “Monsters”

Historiated Capital with Lions’ Heads, Cloister, Priory Church, Moissac,
France, c. 1115. Lions’ Heads Griﬀons aKacking lions

Purse Cover, SuKon Hoo, England, 7th century CE. Historiated
Capital with Lions’ Heads, Cloister, Priory Church, Moissac, France, c. 1100-‐1115.

Cistercian Abbey at Fontenay, France, 1139-‐1147.

Fontenay Abbey, Plan, France, 1139-‐1147.

Portal, Fontenay Abbey Portal, Priory Church, Moissac Façade,
Fontenay Abbey, France, 1139-‐1147.

“immoderate height of [Cluniac] churches…their immoderate length, their excessive
width, sumptuous decoraGon and ﬁnely executed pictures, which divert the aKenGon of those who are praying.” – Bernard of Clairvaux, Apologia. Nave, Fontenay Abbey, France, 1139-‐1147. Nave, Monastery at Cluny, France, 1088-‐1130.

Capital Detail Capital Detail Nave, Fontenay Abbey,
France, 1139-‐1147 Cloister, Priory Church, Moissac,

“What proﬁt is there in those ridiculous monsters, in
that marvelous and deformed comeliness, that comely deformity?...So many and so marvelous are the varieGes of divers shapes on every hand that we are more tempted to read in the marble than in our books, and spend the whole day in wondering at these things than in meditaGng upon the law of God. For God’s sake, if men are not ashamed of these follies, why at least do they not shrink from the expense?” –Bernard of Clairvaux Historiated Capital with Lions’ Heads, Cloister, Priory Church, Moissac, France, c. 1115.

Example of Cistercian ProporGons Nave, Fontenay Abbey, France, 1139-‐1147.

Façade, Abbey Church of St. Denis, France, 1140-‐1144.
Plan

Statue of St. Denis, Notre Dame of Paris,
Façade, Abbey Church of St. Denis, France, 1140-‐1144.

“Delight in the beauty of the house of God…call
him away from external cares…dwelling in some strange region of the universe which neither exists enGrely in the slime of the earth nor enGrely in the purity of heaven… transported from this inferior to that higher world.” “We profess that we must do homage through the outward ornaments of sacred vessels, and to nothing in the world in an equal degree to the service of the Holy Sacriﬁce, with all inner purity and with all outward splendor.” Abbot Suger, Jesse Window, St. Denis, c. 13th century.

Bernard of Clairvaux, Upper Rhein, c. 1450. “Money
is won with such skill that it may be mulGplied. It is expended so that it may be increased, and pouring it out produces abundance. The Reason is that the very sight of these costly but wonderful illusions inflames the men more to give than to pray.” “To me [golden images] somehow represent the ancient rite of the Jews… Or is it that since we have been mingled with the genGles, perhaps we have also adopted their ways and even serve their idols.” “O vanity of vaniGes, but no more vain than insane! The Church is radiant in its walls and desGtute in its poor. It dresses its stones in gold and it abandons its children naked. It serves the eyes of the rich at the expense of the poor. The curious find that which may delight them, but those in need do not find that which should sustain them.”

Tomb of Queen Arnegunde, at St. Denis, Paris, 580-‐590
CE.

Sarcophagi, Abbey Church of St. Denis, France, 1140-‐1144.

Sarcophagus Detail, Abbey Church of St. Denis, France, 1140-‐1144.

Nave, Abbey Church of St. Denis, France, 1140-‐1144.
“And what of the sun’s rays? Light comes from the good, and light is an image of this archetypal Good. Thus the Good is also by the name “Light,” just as an archetype is real in its image. The goodness of the transcendent God reaches from the highest and most perfect forms of being to the very lowest. And yet it remains above and beyond them all, superior to the highest and yet stretching out to the lowliest. It gives light to everything capable of receiving it, it creates them, keeps them alive, preserves and perfects them. Everything looks to it for measure, eternity, number, order. It is the power, which embraces the universe. It is the Cause of the universe and its end.” –Pseudo Dionysus

Nave, Abbey Church of St. Denis, France, 1140-‐1144.
“Elegant and praiseworthy extension in [the form of] a circular string of chapels, by virtue of which the whole [church] would shine with the wonderful and uninterrupted light of most sacred windows, pervading in the interior beauty.”—Abbot Suger

Romanesque vs. Gothic VaulGng Nave, Abbey Church of St.
Denis, France, 1140-‐1144.

Romanesque vs. Gothic VaulGng Ribs Vaults of the
ambulatory and apsidal chapels, abbey church. Saint-‐Denis. 1140-‐1144.

17-‐2, Ambulatory and Apse Chapel, Abbey Church of St.
Denis, France, 1140-‐1144. Transept, Abbey Church of St. Denis, France, 1140-‐1144.

Apse Chapel, Abbey Church of St. Denis, France, 1140-‐1144.
Tree of Jesse, Apse Chapel, Abbey Church of St. Denis, France, 1140-‐1144.

Jesse Tree of Jesse, Apse Chapel, Abbey Church of
St. Denis, France, 1140-‐1144.

Jesse “Then a shoot will spring from the stem
of Jesse, And a branch from his roots will bear fruit.” Isaiah 11:1 Tree of Jesse, Apse Chapel, Abbey Church of St. Denis, France, 1140-‐1144.

David Tree of Jesse, Apse Chapel, Abbey Church of

King Tree of Jesse, Apse Chapel, Abbey Church of

Virgin Tree of Jesse, Apse Chapel, Abbey Church of

Christ Tree of Jesse, Apse Chapel, Abbey Church of
St. Denis, France, 1140-‐1144. The naGons will resort to the root of Jesse, Who will stand as a signal for the peoples; And His resGng place will be glorious.

Christ Doves = Gius of the Holy
Spirit The Spirit of the LORD will rest on Him, The spirit of wisdom and understanding, The spirit of counsel and strength, The spirit of knowledge and the fear of the LORD. Tree of Jesse, Apse Chapel, Abbey Church of St. Denis, France, 1140-‐1144.

Ambulatory and Apse Chapel, Abbey Church of St. Denis,
France, 1140-‐1144 . Transept, Abbey Church of St. Denis, France, 1140-‐1144.

Rose, Transept, Abbey Church of St. Denis, France, 1140-‐1144.

Jesse Christ Rose, Transept, Abbey Church of St.
Denis, France, 1140-‐1144.

17-‐4, West Façade, Chartres Cathedral, 1140-‐1144. Chartres Cathedral,
France, 1140-‐1144, 1194-‐1220.

17-‐5, Royal Portal, West Façade, Chartres Cathedral, c. 1145-‐1155.

Central Tympanum, Royal Portal, West Façade, Chartres Cathedral, c.
1145-‐1155 (See 17-‐5).

Chartres (Gothic) Moissac (Romanesque)

Royal Portal, West Façade, Chartres Cathedral, c. 1145-‐1155.

Right Tympanum, Royal Portal, West Façade, Chartres Cathedral, c.
1145-‐1155 (See 17-‐5). NaGvity PresentaGon at the Temple Sede SapienGae = Throne of Wisdom

Central Tympanum, Royal Portal, West Façade, Chartres Cathedral, c.
1145-‐1155 (See 17-‐5). Seven Liberal Arts

Rhetoric Grammar Music Right Tympanum, Royal Portal,
West Façade, Chartres Cathedral, c. 1145-‐1155 (See 17-‐5).

Aristotle Pythagoras Right Tympanum, Royal Portal, West Façade,
Chartres Cathedral, c. 1145-‐1155 (See 17-‐5). ScholasGcism = the synthesis of classical philosophy and ChrisGan theology

Leu Tympanum, Royal Portal, West Façade, Chartres Cathedral, c.
1145-‐1155 (See 17-‐5). Ascension

17-‐6, Old Testament Kings and Queens, Royal Portal, West
Façade, Chartres Cathedral, c. 1145-‐1155.

17-‐4, West Façade, Chartres Cathedral, France, 1140-‐1145. Virgin
and Child and angels (Notre Dame de la Belle Verrière). Window at Chartres Cathedral, c.1170. Notre Dame de la Belle Verrière = Our Lady of the BeauFful Window

Virgin and Child and angels (Notre Dame de la
Belle Verrière), Window at Chartres Cathedral, c.1170.

Chartres Cathedral, North Façade, auer 1194.

Rose Window Lancets Rose Window and Lancets, North
Transept, Chartres Cathedral, France, 1230-‐1235.

Melchizedek David Anna Solomon Aaron
Lancets, North Transept, Chartres Cathedral, France, 1230-‐1235.

Castles = CasGle Fleur-‐de-‐Lis = France e Window,
North Transept, Chartres Cathedral, France, 1230-‐1235.

Rose Window and Lancets, North Transept, Chartres Cathedral, France,
1230-‐1235.

“Invisible Art” Rose Window and Lancets, North Transept, Chartres
Cathedral, France, 1230-‐1235.

Chartres Cathedral, North Façade, auer 1194.

Flying BuKresses, Chartres Cathedral, East Façade (Apse), auer 1194.

Pier BuKresses, Chartres Cathedral, North Façade, auer 1194.

Romanesque and Gothic Architecture

Romanesque and Gothic Architecture

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