How to Hack OAuth - Øredev 2019

Video: https://vimeo.com/371495209

OAuth is the foundation of most of modern online security, used everywhere from signing in to mobile apps, to protecting your bank accounts. Despite its ubiquity, it is still often difficult to implement safely and securely, especially in today's landscape, which is dramatically different from the world of online security as it existed when OAuth was initially created.

This talk will explore several real-world OAuth hacks that affected major providers like Twitter, Facebook and Google. I'll share the details of how each specific attack happened, as well as what they could have done to prevent it. Some of these attacks exploited technical flaws in the system, and some exploited the easier to hack, squishier component in the middle: people.

https://oredev.org/sessions/how-to-hack-oauth

https://oauth2simplified.com/

Transcript

1. How to Hack OAuth AARON PARECKI @aaronpk aaronpk.com
2. @aaronpk Tweet your questions! @aaronpk@aaronparecki.com Toot your questions! aaronpk.com
3. @aaronpk Senior Security Architect
 at Okta @oktadev
4. @aaronpk oauth.net
5. RFC6749 RFC6750 CLIENT TYPE AUTH METHOD GRANT TYPE RFC6819 RFC7009 RFC7592 RFC7662 RFC7636 RFC7591 RFC7519 BUILDING YOUR APPLICATION RFC8252 OIDC RFC8414 STATE PARAM TLS CSRF UMA 2 FAPI RFC7515 RFC7516 RFC7517 RFC7518 TOKEN BINDING POP SECURITY BCP CIBA HTTP SIGNING MUTUAL TLS SPA BCP JARM JAR TOKEN EXCHANGE DPOP
6. @aaronpk THE PASSWORD ANTI-PATTERN
7. @aaronpk THE PASSWORD ANTI-PATTERN facebook.com ~2010
8. @aaronpk
9. @aaronpk so... how can I let an app access my data without giving it my password?
11. @aaronpk POST /resource/1/update HTTP/1.1 Authorization: Bearer RsT5OjbzRn430zqMLgV3Ia Host: api.authorization-server.com description=Hello+World
12. @aaronpk A HOTEL KEY CARD, FOR APPS Authorization Server Access Token Resource (API)
13. @aaronpk HOW OAUTH WORKS
14. @aaronpk ROLES IN OAUTH OAuth Server (Authorization Server) aka the token factory API (Resource Server) The Application (Client) The User (Resource Owner) Device (User Agent)
15. User: I’d like to use this great app App: Please go to the authorization server to grant me access User: I’d like to log in to “Yelp”, it wants to access my contacts AS: Here is a temporary code the app can use App: Here is the temporary code, and my secret, please give me a token User: Here is the temporary code, please use this to get a token AS: Here is an access token! App: Please let me access this user’s data with this access token! User Agent App OAuth Server API ?
16. Front Channel Back Channel https://accounts.google.com/?... Passing data via the browser's address bar The user, or malicious software, can modify the requests and responses Sent from client to server HTTPS request from client to server, so requests cannot be tampered with
17. Back Channel Benefits ‣ The application knows it's talking to the right server ‣ Connection from app to server can't be tampered with ‣ Response from the server can be trusted because it came back in the same connection
18. OAuth Server OAuth Client Passing Data via the Back Channel
19. OAuth Server OAuth Client Passing Data via the Front Channel
20. Front Channel Benefits https://accounts.google.com/?... ‣ The user being involved enables them to give consent ‣ Doesn't require the receiver to have a publicly routable IP
 (e.g. can work on a phone)
21. @aaronpk THE HACKS
22. @aaronpk HOW TO HACK OAUTH RFC 6749 Section 10 RFC 8252 Section 8 RFC 6819 draft-ietf-oauth-security-topics
23. @aaronpk TWITTER STOLEN API KEYS
24. @aaronpk 2013
25. @aaronpk
26. @aaronpk ANYONE CAN 
 IMPERSONATE 
 THE TWITTER APPS
27. @aaronpk DON'T PUT SECRETS
 IN NATIVE APPS! https://developer.okta.com/blog/2019/01/22/oauth-api-keys-arent-safe-in-mobile-apps
28. @aaronpk PKCE PROOF-KEY FOR CODE EXCHANGE RFC 7636 (pronounced "pixie")
29. User: I’d like to use this great app App: Please go to the authorization server to grant me access, take this hash with you User: I’d like to log in to this app, here's the hashed secret it gave me AS: Here is a temporary code the app can use App: Here's the code, and the plaintext secret, please give me a token User: Here is the temporary code, please use this to get a token AS: Let me verify the hash of that secret... ok here is an access token! App: Please let me access this user’s data with this access token! App: Hang on while I generate a new secret and hash it User
 Agent App OAuth Server API ?
30. @aaronpk AppAuth.io iOS / Android / JavaScript
31. @aaronpk JWT ALG=NONE photo by flickr.com/quidox
32. @aaronpk 2015
33. An Example JWT eyJraWQiOiJvQ1JjR3RxVDhRV2tJR0MyVXpmcEZUczVqSkdnM00zSTNOMHgtZDJhSFNNIiwiYW xnIjoiUlMyNTYifQ.eyJ2ZXIiOjEsImp0aSI6IkFULkp3eVRTcTlqNDU0bDNTNmRTM1VTV1hMV VpwekdKdWNSd1ZEbFZCNWNIc3cuVVM1V1NGYVFiQllUMC9GM2tjMG8vK1ZUY3VZZzdwVnZqZXZ TT3hkUHhCMD0iLCJpc3MiOiJodHRwczovL2Rldi0zOTYzNDMub2t0YXByZXZpZXcuY29tL29hd XRoMi9kZWZhdWx0IiwiYXVkIjoiYXBpOi8vZGVmYXVsdCIsImlhdCI6MTU0MzgwMzAyNSwiZXh wIjoxNTQzODA2NjI1LCJjaWQiOiIwb2FoenBwM3RjcEZyZmNXSTBoNyIsInVpZCI6IjAwdWkwZ mpraWV5TDQ2bWEwMGg3Iiwic2NwIjpbIm9mZmxpbmVfYWNjZXNzIiwicGhvdG8iXSwic3ViIjo iaW5xdWlzaXRpdmUtYWxiYXRyb3NzQGV4YW1wbGUuY29tIn0.ncVkzcc6qrFJSXE3-5UsRu_kH vbwIMKYL3PFaMwReYTquPAcOQ8t93xF0bxbS8wrP0udCDvk6eYq4VbjoFdD59Yy6ltz0OKQl3- g8uFg2RwqTBMOKR0mYtQH0RCr9ORhSsmKolaDDt4TcRX78ZOAyhZ_Qg_UcEoHM4uZikpzBJYpY KbCCfbx-6FzYyHuvevSFzURISYpSHv3nbzirkEzKbOv7eZlg1cCYBdUoGuVBskyHxfMxFpoKQU 3mwIFdlQJR8LZ8hA_5ZdYjjMeSXfjnhlP2rppJiHy1NreGXXcUsUA74V2t_keY44deTrnPgoFO Se9IchWqcj6sDMDutC4ag
34. @aaronpk JWTS ARE OFTEN USED
 FOR API AUTHENTICATION
 AND AS OAUTH ACCESS TOKENS
35. Attacking a JWT { "typ": "JWT", "alg": "RS256" } { "ver": 1, "jti": "AT.JwyTSq9j454l3S6dS3USWXLUZpzGJucRwVDlVB5cHsw.US5WSFaQbBYT0/F3kc0o/+VTcuYg7pVvjevSOxdPxB0=", "iss": "https://dev-396343.oktapreview.com/oauth2/default", "aud": "api://default", "iat": 1543803025, "exp": 1543806625, "cid": "0oahzpp3tcpFrfcWI0h7", "uid": "00ui0fjkieyL46ma00h7", "scp": [ "offline_access", "photo" ], "sub": "inquisitive-albatross@example.com" } header claims signature
36. Attacking a JWT { "typ": "JWT", "alg": "none" } { "ver": 1, "jti": "AT.JwyTSq9j454l3S6dS3USWXLUZpzGJucRwVDlVB5cHsw.US5WSFaQbBYT0/F3kc0o/+VTcuYg7pVvjevSOxdPxB0=", "iss": "https://dev-396343.oktapreview.com/oauth2/default", "aud": "api://default", "iat": 1543803025, "exp": 1543806625, "cid": "0oahzpp3tcpFrfcWI0h7", "uid": "00ui0fjkieyL46ma00h7", "scp": [ "offline_access", "photo" ], "sub": "inquisitive-albatross@example.com" } header claims
37. Attacking a JWT { "typ": "JWT", "alg": "HS256" } { "ver": 1, "jti": "AT.JwyTSq9j454l3S6dS3USWXLUZpzGJucRwVDlVB5cHsw.US5WSFaQbBYT0/F3kc0o/+VTcuYg7pVvjevSOxdPxB0=", "iss": "https://dev-396343.oktapreview.com/oauth2/default", "aud": "api://default", "iat": 1543803025, "exp": 1543806625, "cid": "0oahzpp3tcpFrfcWI0h7", "uid": "00ui0fjkieyL46ma00h7", "scp": [ "offline_access", "photo" ], "sub": "inquisitive-albatross@example.com" } header claims signature
38. @aaronpk Treat the JWT header as 
 untrusted external information
39. @aaronpk Never let the JWT header
 determine your verification mechanism
40. @aaronpk Thankfully most JWT libraries
 fixed this in 2015-2016
41. @aaronpk GOOGLE OAUTH PHISHING
42. @aaronpk 2017
43. https://accounts.google.com/oauth/authorize?response_type
44. https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/05/dont-trust-oauth-why-the-google-docs-worm-was-so-convincing/
45. https://accounts.google.com/oauth/authorize?response_type
49. https://developers.google.com/terms/api-services-user-data-policy
50. https://developers.google.com/terms/api-services-user-data-policy
51. https://developers.google.com/terms/api-services-user-data-policy
52. https://support.google.com/cloud/answer/9110914
53. https://blog.context.io/context-io-deprecation-notice-ce8b77e6e477
 https://www.voice2biz.com/oauth-2-0-for-google-apis-3rd-party-audit-costs-require-emailmonkey-to-shutdown/
 https://help.ifttt.com/hc/en-us/articles/360020249393-Important-update-about-Gmail-on-IFTTT
55. @aaronpk FACEBOOK STOLEN ACCESS TOKENS improperly issued
56. @aaronpk 2018
57. @aaronpk "The vulnerability was the result of 
 the interaction of three distinct bugs" https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2018/09/security-update/ - Guy Rosen, VP of Product Management, Facebook
58. @aaronpk
59. @aaronpk
60. @aaronpk https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2018/09/security-update/ The vulnerability was the result of the interaction of three distinct bugs:
61. @aaronpk https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2018/09/security-update/ The vulnerability was the result of the interaction of three distinct bugs:
62. @aaronpk https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2018/09/security-update/ The vulnerability was the result of the interaction of three distinct bugs:
63. @aaronpk https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2018/09/security-update/ The vulnerability was the result of the interaction of three distinct bugs:
64. @aaronpk https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2018/09/security-update/ The vulnerability was the result of the interaction of three distinct bugs:
65. @aaronpk https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2018/09/security-update/ The vulnerability was the result of the interaction of three distinct bugs:
66. @aaronpk https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2018/09/security-update/ The vulnerability was the result of the interaction of three distinct bugs:
67. @aaronpk https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2018/09/security-update/ The vulnerability was the result of the interaction of three distinct bugs:
68. @aaronpk https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2018/09/security-update/ The vulnerability was the result of the interaction of three distinct bugs: ??!
69. @aaronpk By using the "View As" feature to see what your profile looks like to someone else, you would end up with an access token belonging to that user, which had the permissions of the Facebook mobile app.
70. @aaronpk Keep clean security boundaries even for internal applications
71. @aaronpk Don't let applications pretend
 to be other applications or other users
72. oauth2simplified.com
73. Thank You! @aaronpk aaronpk.com