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Cryptography Pitfalls at Little Rock Tech Fest ...

Cryptography Pitfalls at Little Rock Tech Fest 2015

John Downey

October 16, 2015
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  1. You have probably seen the door to a bank vault,

    at least in the movies. You know, 10-inch-thick, hardened steel, with huge bolts to lock it in place. It certainly looks impressive. We often find the digital equivalent of such a vault door installed in a tent. The people standing around it are arguing over how thick the door should be, rather than spending their time looking at the tent. -Cryptography Engineering by Niels Ferguson, Bruce Schneier, and Tadayoshi Kohno @jtdowney 12
  2. • For data in transit • Use TLS (née SSL),

    SSH, or VPN/IPsec • For data at rest • Use GnuPG @jtdowney 13
  3. • Avoid low level libraries • OpenSSL • PyCrypto •

    Bouncy Castle • Use a high level library • NaCL/libsodium (C, Ruby, etc) • Keyczar (Python and Java) @jtdowney 14
  4. • Randomness is a central part of any crypto system

    • Used to generate: • Encryption keys • API keys • Session tokens • Password reset tokens @jtdowney 17
  5. Pitfalls 1. Not using a cryptographically strong random number generator

    2. Broken random random number generators 3. Not using random data when it is required @jtdowney 18
  6. Pitfalls 1. Not using the right random number generator 2.

    Broken random random number generators 3. Not using random data when it is required @jtdowney 21
  7. Don't add uninitialised data to the random number generator. This

    stop valgrind from giving error messages in unrelated code. (Closes: #363516) @jtdowney 24
  8. /* DO NOT REMOVE THE FOLLOWING CALL TO MD_Update()! */

    MD_Update(&m,buf,j); /* We know that line may cause programs such as purify and valgrind to complain about use of uninitialized data. The problem is not, it's with the caller. Removing that line will make sure you get really bad randomness and thereby other problems such as very insecure keys. */ @jtdowney 25
  9. Pitfalls 1. Not using the right random number generator 2.

    Broken random random number generators 3. Not using random data when it is required @jtdowney 27
  10. Recommendations • Unix-like • Read from /dev/urandom • Windows •

    RandomNumberGenerator.Create() (.NET) • CryptGenRandom (Windows) @jtdowney 29
  11. • Often called a fingerprint • One way • Not

    reversible (can’t find person without fingerprint DB) • Ideally, no two people with same fingerprint (no two inputs) @jtdowney 31
  12. mission = """ USCYBERCOM plans, coordinates, integrates, synchronizes and conducts

    activities to: direct the operations and defense of specified Department of Defense information networks and; prepare to, and when directed, conduct full spectrum military cyberspace operations in order to enable actions in all domains, ensure US/Allied freedom of action in cyberspace and deny the same to our adversaries. """ md5(mission) # => 9EC4C12949A4F31474F299058CE2B22A @jtdowney 38
  13. Length Extension Attacks secret = "my-secret-key" value = "buy 10

    units at $1" signature = sha256(secret + "|" + value) @jtdowney 42
  14. Length Extension Attacks secret = "my-secret-key" value = "buy 10

    units at $1<garbage>actually make that at $0" signature = sha256(secret + "|" + value) @jtdowney 43
  15. Length Extension Attacks secret = "my-secret-key" value = "buy 10

    units at $1" signature = hmac_sha256(secret, value) @jtdowney 44
  16. Message Authentication Code (MAC) tag = hmac_sha256(key, value) • key

    - shared secret • value - value to protected integrity of • tag - value that represents the integrity @jtdowney 45
  17. Recommendations • Use SHA-256 (SHA-2 family) • Choose HMAC-SHA-256 if

    you want a signature • Stop using MD5 • Don't use SHA-1 in new projects • Phase it out for uses that require collision resistance @jtdowney 47
  18. 1. One-way • Value can be used for verification 2.

    Randomized • Can largely defeat pre-computed tables • Forces attackers to focus on one password @jtdowney 58
  19. 1. One-way • Value can be used for verification 2.

    Randomized • Can largely defeat pre-computed tables • Forces attackers to focus on one password 3. Slow @jtdowney 60
  20. Recommendations • Delegate authentication if possible • Facebook, Twitter, Google,

    Github • Store one-way verifiers using bcrypt, scrypt, or PBDKF2 @jtdowney 62
  21. • Don't wait for user to login and silently upgrade

    • Wrap bcrypt around existing scheme • Use bcrypt(sha1(salt || password) • Upgrade all passwords in place @jtdowney 66
  22. Pitfalls 1. Using old/weak algorithms 2. Using ECB mode 3.

    Not using authenticated encryption @jtdowney 69
  23. Pitfalls 1. Using old/weak algorithms 2. Using ECB mode 3.

    Not using authenticated encryption @jtdowney 71
  24. AES - primitive ciphertext = AES_Encrypt(key, plaintext) plaintext = AES_Decrypt(key,

    ciphertext) • Function over: • key - 128, 192, or 256 bit value • plaintext - 128 bit value • ciphertext - 128 bit value @jtdowney 72
  25. ECB Encrypt while (remaining blocks) { block = ... #

    next 16 byte (128 bit chunk) ouput.append(AES_Encrypt(key, block)) } @jtdowney 73
  26. Pitfalls 1. Using old/weak algorithms 2. Using ECB mode 3.

    Not using authenticated encryption @jtdowney 76
  27. Recommendations • Prefer to use box/secret box from NaCL/libsodium •

    Stop using DES • Stop building your own on top of AES @jtdowney 79
  28. What if you have to use AES • Do not

    use ECB mode • Be sure to use authenticated encryption: • GCM mode would be a good first choice • Verify the tag/MAC first • Still easy to mess up in a critical way @jtdowney 80
  29. XOR Refresher A xor 0 = A A xor A

    = 0 A xor B = C A xor C = B B xor C = A A xor A xor B = B @jtdowney 83
  30. Encrypting keystream = expand(key) # => "\x84\x859\x87\xBC\x15\x91\x01N\xD4^\xA0\xAC371" message = 'attack

    at dawn' ciphertext = message xor keystream # => "\xE5\xF1M\xE6\xDF~\xB1`:\xF4:\xC1\xDB]" @jtdowney 84
  31. Pitfalls 1. Using old/weak algorithms 2. Reusing the same key

    3. Not using authenticated encryption @jtdowney 86
  32. Pitfalls 1. Using old/weak algorithms 2. Reusing the same key

    3. Not using authenticated encryption @jtdowney 89
  33. keystream = expand(key) message1 = 'attack at dawn' ciphertext1 =

    message1 xor keystream message2 = 'attack at dusk' ciphertext2 = message2 xor keystream @jtdowney 90
  34. Pitfalls 1. Using old/weak algorithms 2. Reusing the same key

    3. Not using authenticated encryption @jtdowney 95
  35. General 1 keystream = expand(key) message = 'attack at dawn'

    ciphertext = message xor keystream @jtdowney 96
  36. General 2 message = (new_ciphertext) xor keystream ! message =

    (ciphertext xor tweak) xor keystream @jtdowney 99
  37. Recommendations • Use box/secret box from NaCL/libsodium • Stop using

    RC4 • Ensure you don't reuse keys • This means reusing nonces as well • Always protect ciphertext integrity (i.e. with a MAC) @jtdowney 101
  38. Pitfalls 1. Not verifying the certificate chain 2. Not verifying

    the hostname 3. Using a broken library @jtdowney 104
  39. Pitfalls 1. Not verifying the certificate chain 2. Not verifying

    the hostname 3. Using a broken library @jtdowney 107
  40. • Hostname verification is protocol dependent • OpenSSL doesn't have

    it built in • Also, some people just turn it off: curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST, 0); @jtdowney 108
  41. Pitfalls 1. Not verifying the certificate chain 2. Not verifying

    the hostname 3. Using a broken library @jtdowney 109
  42. Recommendations • Do ensure you're validating connections • Lean on

    a framework/library if possible • But check that it also does the right thing • Setup and automated test to validate this setting (badssl.com) @jtdowney 112
  43. The authenticity of host 'apollo.local (10.0.2.56)' can't be established. RSA

    key fingerprint is 04:63:c1:ba:c7:31:04:12:14:ff:b6:c4:32:cf:44:ec. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? @jtdowney 115
  44. @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @ WARNING: REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED! @ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

    IT IS POSSIBLE THAT SOMEONE IS DOING SOMETHING NASTY! Someone could be eavesdropping on you right now (man-in-the-middle attack)! It is also possible that the RSA host key has just been changed. The fingerprint for the RSA key sent by the remote host is 04:63:c1:ba:c7:31:04:12:14:ff:b6:c4:32:cf:44:ec. Please contact your system administrator. @jtdowney 116
  45. AOL Time Warner Inc. AS Sertifitseerimiskeskus AddTrust Baltimore beTRUSTed Buypass

    CNNIC COMODO CA Limited Certplus certSIGN Chambersign Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd. ComSign Comodo CA Limited Cybertrust, Inc Deutsche Telekom AG Deutscher Sparkassen Verlag GmbH Dhimyotis DigiCert Inc DigiNotar Digital Signature Trust Co. Disig a.s. EBG Bilişim Teknolojileri ve Hizmetleri A.Ş. EDICOM Entrust, Inc. Equifax GTE Corporation GeoTrust Inc. GlobalSign nv-sa Hongkong Post Japan Certification Services, Inc. Japanese Government Microsec Ltd. NetLock Halozatbiztonsagi Kft. Network Solutions L.L.C. PM/SGDN QuoVadis Limited RSA Security Inc SECOM Trust Systems CO.,LTD. SecureTrust Corporation Sociedad Cameral de Certificación Digital Sonera Staat der Nederlanden Starfield Technologies, Inc. StartCom Ltd. SwissSign AG Swisscom TC TrustCenter GmbH TDC Taiwan Government Thawte The Go Daddy Group, Inc. The USERTRUST Network TÜBİTAK TÜRKTRUST Unizeto Sp. z o.o. VISA ValiCert, Inc. VeriSign, Inc. WISeKey Wells Fargo XRamp Security Services Inc @jtdowney 117
  46. Recommendations • Think about what organizations you really trust •

    Investigate certificate pinning for your apps @jtdowney 119
  47. Images • https://flic.kr/p/6eagaw • https://flic.kr/p/4KWhKn • https://flic.kr/p/9F2BCv • https://flic.kr/p/486xYS •

    https://flic.kr/p/7Ffppm • https://flic.kr/p/8TuJD9 • https://flic.kr/p/4iLJZt • https://flic.kr/p/4pGZuz • https://flic.kr/p/48w7wP • https://flic.kr/p/8aZWNE • https://flic.kr/p/5NRHp • https://flic.kr/p/7p7raq • https://flic.kr/p/aZEE1Z • https://flic.kr/p/7WtwAz • https://flic.kr/p/6AN9mM • https://flic.kr/p/6dt62u • https://flic.kr/p/4ZqwyB • https://flic.kr/p/Bqewr • https://flic.kr/p/ecdhVE @jtdowney 124