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ライティング支援のための文法誤り訂正

Masato Mita
February 07, 2022

 ライティング支援のための文法誤り訂正

2022-02-07 招待講演@株式会社NTTドコモ

Masato Mita

February 07, 2022
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  1. ⾃⼰紹介 1 • 三⽥ 雅⼈(Masato Mita) − ⾃然⾔語処理(NLP)の研究者です − 特に,NLPの教育応⽤に関⼼があります

    − https://sites.google.com/view/masatomita/ • 経歴 − 2016.3 NAIST 松本研で博⼠前期課程 修了 − 2016.4-2018.1 ⽇本マイクロソフト株式会社 勤務 − 2018.2-現在 理化学研究所 AIPセンター 勤務 − 2021.9 東北⼤学 乾研で博⼠号取得 − 2021.10-現在 東京都⽴⼤学 ⼩町研 特任助教兼任 • 最近のアクティビティ − ⽂法誤り訂正に関するアドベントカレンダーを企画しました − https://qiita.com/advent-calendar/2021/gec
  2. 研究トピック(抜粋) 2 • ⽂法誤り訂正 − Masato Mita, Hitomi Yanaka. Do

    Grammatical Error Correction Models Realize Grammatical Generalization? ACL 2021 (Findings). − Masato Mita, Shun Kiyono, Masahiro Kaneko, Jun Suzuki, Kentaro Inui. A Self- Refinement Strategy for Noise Reduction in Grammatical Error Correction. EMNLP 2020 (Findings). − Masahiro Kaneko, Masato Mita, Shun Kiyono, Jun Suzuki, Kentaro Inui. Can Encoder- decoder Models Benefit from Pre-trained Language Representation in Grammatical Error Correction? ACL 2020. − Shun Kiyono, Jun Suzuki, Masato Mita, Tomoya Mizumoto, Kentaro Inui. An Empirical Study of Incorporating Pseudo Data to Grammatical Error Correction. EMNLP 2019. − Masato Mita, Tomoya Mizumoto, Masahiro Kaneko, Ryo Nagata, Kentaro Inui. Cross- Corpora Evaluation and Analysis of Grammatical Error Correction Models ‒ Is Single- Corpus Evaluation Enough? NAACL 2019. • 解説⽂⽣成 − Ryo Nagata, Masato Hagiwara, Kazuaki Hanawa, Masato Mita, Artem Chernodub, Olena Nahorna. Shared Task on Feedback Comment Generation for Language Learners. INLG 2021. • ⾃動採点 − Hiroaki Funayama, Shota Sasaki, Yuichiro Matsubayashi, Tomoya Mizumoto, Jun Suzuki, Masato Mita, Kentaro Inui. Preventing Critical Scoring Errors in Short Answer Scoring with Confidence Estimation. ACL-SRW 2020.
  3. NLP×教育(抜粋) 3 • リーディング⽀援 − テキスト平易化(Text Simplification) − 難解な表現で書かれたテキストをより平易な表現に変換 −

    語彙推定(Vocabulary Prediction) − 学習者が覚えていない語・覚えるべき語の推定 • ライティング⽀援 − ⾃動採点(Automated Essay Scoring) − 記述されたエッセイや答案に評価値を⾃動付与 − ⻑⽂記述問題の⾃動採点(Essay Scoring) − 短答式答案の⾃動採点(Short Answer Scoring) − ⽂法誤り訂正(Grammatical Error Correction) − テキストに含まれる⽂法誤りを⾃動訂正 − 教育応⽤系研究の中では最も盛ん
  4. NLP×教育(抜粋) 4 • リーディング⽀援 − テキスト平易化(Text Simplification) − 難解な表現で書かれたテキストをより平易な表現に変換 −

    語彙推定(Vocabulary Prediction) − 学習者が覚えていない語・覚えるべき語の推定 • ライティング⽀援 − ⾃動採点(Automated Essay Scoring) − 記述されたエッセイや答案に評価値を⾃動付与 − ⻑⽂記述問題の⾃動採点(Essay Scoring) − 短答式答案の⾃動採点(Short Answer Scoring) − ⽂法誤り訂正(Grammatical Error Correction) − テキストに含まれる⽂法誤りを⾃動訂正 − 教育応⽤系研究の中では最も盛ん
  5. ⽬次 6 • 1. ⽂法誤り訂正の概要 − 研究の潮流と現在の到達点を知る − 代表的なデータセット・評価⽅法・アプローチなど研究の前提知識 を知る

    • 2. ⽂法誤り訂正の最前線 − 最新動向を知る − 現在分野が抱えている課題感と今後の⽅向性を知る
  6. ⽂法誤り訂正 (Grammatical Error Correction) 8 • テキストに含まれる様々な⽂法誤りを⾃動訂正するタスク The machine is

    design to help people. The machine is designed to help people. GECモデル n (NLP全般に⾔えることだが)何を⽂ 法誤りとするかは分野や⽴場により⼀ 貫しないため,誤りの守備範囲はコー パスのアノテーションの定義に従う n 例えば,現在のGECでは狭義の⽂法誤 り以外にも語彙選択や語の並び替えな ど流暢性に関連する広義の誤りも対象 にしている n この辺りの話は「GECのタスク説明は なぜ難しいか」でも説明されている • 実⽤化もたくさんされている Ø Grammarly1, Ginger2 …など 1. https://app.grammarly.com/ 2. http://www.getginger.jp/
  7. History 9 Grundkiewicz et al. (2020) より • 黎明期(~2010) −

    冠詞や前置詞などのclosed classな⽂法誤りを対象 − ルールや⾔語モデルに基づくアプローチが主流 − 各々の研究者が独⾃の評価スクリプトで評価 • 過渡期(2011~2015) − 共通のベンチマーク(⾃動評価尺度・評価データ)の上でシステム性能を競 うShared Taskが4年連続開催(HOO2011-12, CoNLL2013-14) − CoNLL-2014からは全ての誤りが対象 − 分類器に基づく⼿法と統計的機械翻訳(SMT)に基づく⼿法が2トップ • 近年(2016~) − 深層ニューラルネットワーク(DNN)に基づく⼿法が台頭
  8. 主流なアプローチ 10 The machine is design to help people. The

    machine is designed to help people. DNNに基づく系列変換モデル(Seq2Seqモデル): Ø ⽂法的に誤った⽂から正しい⽂への機械翻訳(MT) 利点: ü パラレルデータ(誤り⽂, 訂正⽂)さえあればモデルが訓練可能 ü シンプル,かつ⾔語依存のツールが必要ない ü 全ての誤りを訂正可能 ü MTの最先端の研究成果を援⽤可能
  9. 様々なアプローチが提案されている 11 アプローチ リファレンス RNN Yuan and Briscoe (2016); Xie

    et al. (2016); Sakaguchi et al. (2017); Schmaltz et al. (2017); Ji et al. (2017); Grundkiewicz and Junczys-Dowmunt (2018); Junczys-Dowmunt et al. (2018); Lo et al. (2018); Nadejde and Tetreault (2019) CNN Chollampatt and Ng (2018a,b); Hotate et al. (2019); Ge et al. (2019); Chollampatt et al. (2019) Transformer Zhao et al. (2019); Hotate et al. (2020); Zhao and Wang (2020); Lichtarge et al. (2020); Kaneko et al. (2020); Mita et al. (2020); Katsumata and Komachi (2020); Liu et al. (2021); Yuan and Bryant (2021); Rothe et al. (2021); Sun et al. (2021) GAN Raheja and Alikaniotis (2020); Parnow et al. (2021) 系列ラベリング Awasthi et al. (2019); Malmi et al. (2019); Omelianchuk et al. (2020); Stahlberg and Kumar (2020); Parnow et al. (2021) 教師なし/半教師あり Bryant (2018); Stahlberg et a. (2019); Grundkiewicz and Junczys-Dowmunt (2019); Náplava and Straka (2019); Alikaniotis and Raheja (2019); Flachs et al. (2021); Yasunaga et al. (2021
  10. システム性能の変遷 12 Wang et al. (2020) より CoNLL-2014のトップシステム [Junczys-Dowmunt and

    Grundkiewicz, 2014] CNNに基づくシステム [Chollampatt+2018] 初のNMTアプローチ [Yuan and Briscoe, 2016] Transformerに基づくシステム [Zhao+2019]
  11. 擬似データの活⽤ [Kiyono et al., 2019; Zhao et al., 2019] 13

    擬似誤り訂正ペアデータ 訓練 モデル 真の誤り訂正ペアデータ GECはMTと⽐べて利⽤できるデータが限られている(=低資源タスク) Ø 擬似誤りを作って訓練データとして活⽤! ⽣成元コーパス (e.g. Wikipedia) ⽂法的に正しい⽂集合 擬似データ ⽣成⼿法 擬似誤りデータ “He goes to school.” “He go at school.” 上図は Kiyono et al. (2019) の著者スライドを参考
  12. 様々な擬似データ⽣成⼿法が提案されている 14 擬似データ⽣成⼿法 リファレンス ルールベース/確率的 Foster and Andersen (2009); Felice

    and Yuan (2014); Awasthi et al. (2019); Choe et al. (2019); Grundkiewicz and Junczys-Dowmunt (2019); Kiyono et al. (2019); Qiu et al. (2019); Xu et al. (2019); Zhao et al. (2019); Takahashi et al. (2020); White and Rozovskaya (2020); Yin et al. (2020); Flachs et al. (2021); Koyama et al. (2021) SMT 逆翻訳 Rei et al. (2017) NMT 逆翻訳 Kasewa et al.(2018); Xie et al. (2018); Htut and Tetreault (2019); Kiyono et al. (2019); Koyama et al. (2021) NMT 折り返し翻訳 Lichtarge et al. (2019) 敵対的⽣成 Wang and Zheng (2020); Yin et al. (2020)
  13. 現在の到達点 15 Precision Recall F0.5 Our nearly SOTA system [Kiyono

    et al., 2019] 89.38 53.36 78.75 ⼈間の専⾨家 [Ge et al., 2018] - - 72.58 CoNLL-10 ベンチマーク[Bryant and Ng, 2015] • 全体の約53%の誤りに対して約89%の精度で訂正可能 Ø 実際には⾒かけよりもかなり良い数値
  14. ゴール感の⾒直し: Fluency editの登場 16 従来のGECのゴール: ⽂法的に正しい⽂章にするための最⼩限の編集(Minimal edit) Ø ⽂法的に正しい⽂章が必ずしも⺟語話者にとって⾃然なものとは限らない [Sakaguchi

    et al., 2016; Napoles et al., 2017] Sakaguchi et al. (2016)の提唱: • GECのゴールを「⽂法的に正しい⽂章の作成」から「⺟語話者の流暢さをもつ⽂ 章の作成(Fluency edit)」へと根本的にシフトすべき Ø Napoles et al. (2017)によりFluency editに対応した評価データ “JFLEG”が提供 され,以後GECの標準的なベンチマークとなった 上の例は著者ブログより抜粋 Original From this scope, social media has shorten our distance. Minimal edit From this scope, social media has shortened our distance. Fluency edit From this perspective, social media has shortened the distance between us.
  15. 学習者の習熟度付きデータセットの提供 17 • GECシステムの性能は書き⼿の習熟度や⺟語などに起因した誤りのバリ エーションに⼤きく影響される [Mita et al., 2019] Ø

    BEA 2019 Shard Task [Bryant et al., 2019]ではCEFRに準拠した3段階の習熟 度(A,B,C)の学習者および⺟語話者(N)が書いた作⽂からなるデー タセット W&I+LOCNESS [Bryant et al., 2019, Granger, 1998]を提供 三⽥ら (2021) より Kiyono et al. (2020)より
  16. 現在のシステムの得意・不得意 18 • 機能語・形態素語に関する誤りは上⼿く対処できている – MORPH (Morphology): quick → quickly

    – VERB INFL (Verb Inflection): getted → got – NOUN INFL (NOUN Inflection): informations → information – VERB SVA (Subject-Verb Agreement): (He) have → (He) has Bryant et al. (2019) より
  17. 現在のシステムの得意・不得意 19 • 内容⽤語に関する誤り(語彙選択)は苦戦 – ADJ (Adjective): big → wide

    – ADV (Adverb): speedliy → quickly – NOUN (Noun): person → people – VERB (Verb): ambulate → walk → ⽂外⽂脈や書き⼿の意図などテ キストをより深く理解する必要あり Bryant et al. (2019) より
  18. 英語以外の⾔語を対象とした研究も増えてきた 20 徐々に多⾔語GEC研究のためのリソースが整備され始めてきた ⾔語 コーパス 多⾔語 GitHub Typo Corpus [Hagiwara

    and Mita, 2020] アラビア語 QLAB [Zaghouani et al., 2014], ALC [Alfaifi and Atwell,2014] 中国語 TOCFL [Lee et al., 2018] チェコ語 AKCES-GEC [Náplava and Straka, 2019] ドイツ語 Falko-MERLIN [Boyd, 2018] ⽇本語 TEC-JL [Koyama et al., 2020] ロシア語 RULEC-GEC [Rozovskaya and Roth, 2019], Ru-Lang8 [Trinh and Rozovskaya, 2021] スペイン語 COWS-L2H [Davidson et al., 2020] ウクライナ語 UA-GEC [Syvokon and Nahorna, 2021] ルーマニア語 RONACC [Cotet et al., 2020] ヒンディー語 HiWikiEd [Sonawane et al., 2020] n 英語以外を対象としたGECについては「中国語GEC」や「英語・⽇本語・中国語以外の⾔語のGEC」に詳しく説明されている
  19. 代表的なデータセット 22 コーパス ⽂数 参照数 習熟度 NUCLE [Dahlmeier and Wu,

    2013] 57K 1 上級 CLC-FCE [Yannakoudakis et al., 2011] 32.8K 1 中・上級 Lang-8 [Mizumoto et al., 2012; Tajiri et al., 2012] 1.04M 1 多様 W&I+LOCNESS [Bryant et al., 2019; Granger 1998] 80.9K 5* 多様 CoNLL-2013 [Ng et al., 2013] 1.3K 1 上級 CoNLL-2014 [Ng et al., 2014] 1.3K 2 上級 JFLEG [Napoles et al., 2017] 1.4K 4* 多様 *評価セットのみ BEA-2019 Shared Task でこれら4つをまとめて 公式データセットとし て提供したため,これ らのデータセット群に 対して“BEA-2019 dataset” と呼ぶことも 最近の「⼀般的な」実験設定: Ø BEA-2019 Shared Taskの分割フォーマットに準拠 訓練セット: “BEA-train (NUCLE,CLC-FCE, Lang-8,W&I train)” 開発セット: “BEA-dev (W&I+LOCNESS dev)” and/or CoNLL-2013 and/or JFLEG (dev) 評価セット: “BEA-test (W&I+LOCNESS test)” and/or CoNLL-2014 and/or JFLEG (test) とりあえずこの設定で 実験すれば⽂句は⾔わ れない(はず…)
  20. ⼀般的な評価⼿法 23 参照あり評価: 原⽂, システム出⼒, 参照訂正⽂の3つ組を使って評価 代表的な参照あり評価⼿法: • M2 Scorer

    [Dahlmeier and Ng, 2012] • GLEU [Napoles et al. 2015, Napoles et al. 2016] • ERRANT [Bryant et al. 2017] People get certain disease because of genetic changes . People get certain diseases because of genetic changes . People get certain diseases because of genetic mutations . 原⽂: システム出⼒: 参照訂正⽂: スコアラ スコア
  21. M2 (Max Match) Scorer 24 • CoNLL-2013/2014 Shard Taskの公式スコアラ 1.

    レーベンシュタインを⽤いて原⽂とシステム出⼒のアラインメントを取る際,参 照⽂における編集と最も⻑く⼀致するようなアラインメントを動的に選択 2. True positive (TP), False Positive (FP), False Negative (FN)をカウントすること で適合率(#TP/(#TP+#FP)), 再現率 (#TP/(#TP+#FN)), F値を算出 • Pros: − ⼈間のアラインメントと直感的に合う • Cons: − 部分的なマッチが無視される システム: is eat→has eaten vs. 参照: is eat → has eaten − FPの数が不当に削減される 原⽂: He looked at the cat . vs. システム: He looks at a cat . M2: looked at the → looks at a = 1FP ⼈間: looked → looks, the → a = 2FP 適合率= 1/(1+1) = 0.5 再現率= 1/(1+1) = 0.5 I has eat meal . We have eaten meal . I have eaten meals . 原⽂ システム 参照⽂ CoNLL-2014以来, F0.5 (適合率重視) が⼀般的に⽤いられる
  22. GLEU(Generalized BLEU) 25 • MTの評価に使われるBLEUをGEC⽤に改良した評価尺度 • 最初に提案されたGLEU [Napoles et al.,

    2016] は重み項が⽤意されていたが,その後 チューニング不要な簡略化版 GLEU+が提案された[Napoles et al., 2017] • システム出⼒⽂(H)と参照⽂(R)で⼀致するn-gram数から,⼊⼒⽂(S)に 出現するが参照⽂に出現しないn-gram数を減算することで算出 𝐺𝐿𝐸𝑈! = 𝐵𝑃・ exp(, "#$ % 1 𝑛 log(𝑝" & )) 𝑝" & = 𝑁 𝐻, 𝑅 − [𝑵 𝑯, 𝑺 − 𝑵(𝑯, 𝑺, 𝑹)] 𝑁 (𝐻) n 現在はGLEU+が使⽤されて ることが⼀般的 n 著者のコードのデフォルト 設定がGLEU+で設定してい るため,意図せず使⽤して いることも含めて n そのため,GLEU+を使⽤し ている(だろう)と思われ る場合でも Napoles et al. (2017)が引⽤されていない 論⽂もしばしば⾒る(かく いう私も昔は…スッ) ※ N (A,B,C, …)は集合間でのn-gram重なり数, BPはBLEUと同様にbrave penaltyを表す • Pros: − パラレルデータだけでok(M2のように編集情報付きの参照が必要ない) − M2と⽐べて⼈間の判断と⾮常に⾼い相関がある • Cons: − 解釈性が低い − 識別⼒が低い(例: 68−78 GLEU ≈ 40−75 𝐹'.) )
  23. ERRANT 26 • M2 Scorerの改良版 • BEA-2019 Shard Taskの公式スコアラ •

    M2との⼤まかな差分: − マージルールや⾔語的情報(POS, lemma情報など)によって強化 されたレーベンシュタインを⽤いてより⾼精度な原⽂とシステム出 ⼒間の⾃動アラインメントを実現 − パラレルデータから⾃動的にシステムの編集抽出および誤りタイプ の分類が可能 n 最近はERRANTの多⾔語化も進んでいる(逆にいうと,それくらい分野にとってインパクトが⼤きかった) n ERRANTの使い⽅は,GECアドカレ:⽂法誤り訂正の評価ツール ERRANT の使い⽅ に丁寧に説明されている • Pros: − 誤りタイプ毎の性能が評価できエラー分析がしやすい − パラレルデータだけでok − M2のconsであったFP数不当に削減される問題を解消 • Cons: − 他のリソース(spaCyなど)に依存 − M2の拡張なので⼈間の判断との相関は⽐較的低い
  24. 参照なし評価⼿法 28 • 参照⽂を⽤いない「参照なし評価⼿法」も提案されてきている ⼿法名/キーワード リファレンス Grammaticality-metric Napoles et al.

    (2016) Grammar+Fluency+Meaning Asano et al. (2017) USim Chosen and Abend. (2018) SOME Yoshimura et al. (2020) Scribendi Score Islam and Magnani. (2021) • ⼈⼿評価スコアと⾃動評価スコアとの相関を測る「メタ評価」により,参照な し評価⼿法の多くは参照あり評価⼿法よりも⼈間との相関が⾼いことが報告さ れている Asano et al. (2017) より
  25. 最近の動向 30 • 英語GECに関しては研究から徐々に開発フェーズに移⾏しつつある Ø より実応⽤を意識した技術が出てきた印象 • アカデミア vs インダストリー

    • 利⽤できるデータの質・量の違い − データノイズに頑健な訓練戦略 [Mita et al., 2020] − ⾔語モデルを⽤いた新たな擬似データ⽣成 [Yasunaga et al., 2021] • 精度だけでなく推論速度なども重要 − タグ付け + ⾮⾃⼰回帰モデルで精度と推論速度の両⽅を向上 [Omelianchuk et al., 2020]
  26. データノイズ除去 [Mita et al., 2020] 31 ⼈⼿で作成された学習者コーパス(真のデータ)にも,誤訂正や訂正漏れに起因 した「ノイズ」が無視できない量含まれることを指摘 Ø 訂正者のケアレスミスやスキル不⾜,データ収集元の性質などの要因

    We will discuss about discuss this with you. I want to discuss about discuss of the education. We discuss about discuss about our sales target. n 実際には,訂正漏れのケー スが⼤半であった n ここでは,元の訂正⽂ Yと 英⽂校正の専⾨家によるレ ビュー⽂Yʼとの編集距離を ノイズ量と近似 n ⾒かけ上数値が直感よりも ⾼く出ているのはfluency editの影響も
  27. LM-critic: ⾔語モデルを⽤いた新たな擬似データ⽣成 [Yasunaga et al., 2021] 33 • 「⽂法的に間違っているかどうか」を⾔語モデルで判定する critic(評論家)と

    呼ばれるモデルを使い,ラベルなしデータから訂正モデル(Fixer)とノイズ付 与モデル(Breaker)を繰り返し的に訓練 • ラベルありデータを使わない教師なし設定でも⾼性能な訂正モデルを実現 LM-Critic: • ⾔語モデルが局所的な近傍と⽐べ⾼い確率 を割り当てれば“grammatical” だと判定 LM-Criticを⽤いた教師なしGEC: • BIFI (Break-It-Fix-It)アルゴリズム [Yasunaga and Liang, 2021]のCritic(本来はオラクル)の 部分をLM-Criticで近似 • LM-Criticを⽤いてラベルなしデータから擬似 誤り訂正ペアデータを⽣成し,Fixerを訓練
  28. BIFIアルゴリズム w/ LM-Criticで訓練 35 Initial fixer LM-Critic 𝑫𝒖𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒆𝒍 𝑫𝒃𝒂𝒅 𝑫𝒈𝒐𝒐𝒅

    Given: 既存のunrealisticな 擬似データで訓練 (0): LM-Criticを𝑫𝒖𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒆𝒍 に 適⽤し,𝑫𝒃𝒂𝒅 , 𝑫𝒈𝒐𝒐𝒅 を⽣成 n ラベルなしデータ の中にも⼈間が⾃ 然に犯す誤り⽂も ⼀定量含まれてい るという仮定を置 いている
  29. BIFIアルゴリズム w/ LM-Criticで訓練 36 , Initial fixer LM-Critic 𝑫𝒖𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒆𝒍 𝑫𝒃𝒂𝒅

    𝑫𝒈𝒐𝒐𝒅 Given: 既存のunrealisticな 擬似データで訓練 (0): LM-Criticを𝑫𝒖𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒆𝒍 に 適⽤し,𝑫𝒃𝒂𝒅 , 𝑫𝒈𝒐𝒐𝒅 を⽣成 (1): Initial fixerを𝑫𝒃𝒂𝒅 に適⽤ X: ラベルなしデータ由来のrealisticな誤り⽂ Y: fixerで作成した訂正⽂
  30. BIFIアルゴリズム w/ LM-Criticで訓練 37 , Initial fixer LM-Critic 𝑫𝒖𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒆𝒍 𝑫𝒃𝒂𝒅

    𝑫𝒈𝒐𝒐𝒅 Breaker Given: 既存のunrealisticな 擬似データで訓練 (0): LM-Criticを𝑫𝒖𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒆𝒍 に 適⽤し,𝑫𝒃𝒂𝒅 , 𝑫𝒈𝒐𝒐𝒅 を⽣成 (1): Initial fixerを𝑫𝒃𝒂𝒅 に適⽤ X: ラベルなしデータ由来のrealisticな誤り⽂ Y: fixerで作成した訂正⽂ (2): (1) で作成したペアデータを 逆向きに使ってbreakerを訓練
  31. BIFIアルゴリズム w/ LM-Criticで訓練 38 , , Initial fixer LM-Critic 𝑫𝒖𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒆𝒍

    𝑫𝒃𝒂𝒅 𝑫𝒈𝒐𝒐𝒅 Breaker Given: 既存のunrealisticな 擬似データで訓練 (0): LM-Criticを𝑫𝒖𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒆𝒍 に 適⽤し,𝑫𝒃𝒂𝒅 , 𝑫𝒈𝒐𝒐𝒅 を⽣成 (1): Initial fixerを𝑫𝒃𝒂𝒅 に適⽤ X: ラベルなしデータ由来のrealisticな誤り⽂ Y: fixerで作成した訂正⽂ X: breakerで作成したrealisticな誤り⽂ Y: ラベルなしデータ由来の訂正⽂ (2): (1) で作成したペアデータを 逆向きに使ってbreakerを訓練 (3): breakerを 𝑫𝒈𝒐𝒐𝒅 に適⽤
  32. BIFIアルゴリズム w/ LM-Criticで訓練 39 , , Initial fixer LM-Critic 𝑫𝒖𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒆𝒍

    𝑫𝒃𝒂𝒅 𝑫𝒈𝒐𝒐𝒅 Fixer Breaker Given: 既存のunrealisticな 擬似データで訓練 (0): LM-Criticを𝑫𝒖𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒆𝒍 に 適⽤し,𝑫𝒃𝒂𝒅 , 𝑫𝒈𝒐𝒐𝒅 を⽣成 (1): Initial fixerを𝑫𝒃𝒂𝒅 に適⽤ X: ラベルなしデータ由来のrealisticな誤り⽂ Y: fixerで作成した訂正⽂ X: breakerで作成したrealisticな誤り⽂ Y: ラベルなしデータ由来の訂正⽂ (2): (1) で作成したペアデータを 逆向きに使ってbreakerを訓練 (4): (1)と(3) で得られたペア データを⽤いてFixerを訓練 (3): breakerを 𝑫𝒈𝒐𝒐𝒅 に適⽤
  33. BIFIアルゴリズム w/ LM-Criticで訓練 40 , , Initial fixer LM-Critic 𝑫𝒖𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒆𝒍

    𝑫𝒃𝒂𝒅 𝑫𝒈𝒐𝒐𝒅 Fixer Breaker Given: 既存のunrealisticな 擬似データで訓練 (0): LM-Criticを𝑫𝒖𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒆𝒍 に 適⽤し,𝑫𝒃𝒂𝒅 , 𝑫𝒈𝒐𝒐𝒅 を⽣成 (1): Initial fixerを𝑫𝒃𝒂𝒅 に適⽤ X: ラベルなしデータ由来のrealisticな誤り⽂ Y: fixerで作成した訂正⽂ X: breakerで作成したrealisticな誤り⽂ Y: ラベルなしデータ由来の訂正⽂ (2): (1) で作成したペアデータを 逆向きに使ってbreakerを訓練 (4): (1)と(3) で得られたペア データを⽤いてFixerを訓練 (3): breakerを 𝑫𝒈𝒐𝒐𝒅 に適⽤ 繰り返し
  34. ⾮⾃⼰回帰モデル ➢ Omelianchuk+2020らの⼿法では,最⼤10倍まで予測速度を向上さ せつつ最⾼訂正性能を達成 従来: 系列変換(⾃⼰回帰)モデルの場合 予測回数 8回 予測回数 2回

    従来: 系列変換(⾃⼰回帰)モデルの場合 ⼊⼒⽂ : I look in forward hear from you . Iteration1 : I look in forward to hear from you . Iteration2 : I look forward to hearing from you . 予 測 予 測 系列編集(⾮⾃⼰回帰)モデルの場合 I look [NONE] forward to hearing from you . 予測 予測 予測 予測 予測 予測 予測 予測 42
  35. 今後の⽅向性 43 • より実応⽤を意識した研究 − 解釈性・説明性の⾼いモデル − 軽量なモデル(推論速度, 省資源化) −

    適合率・再現率が制御可能なモデル − 訂正の⼀貫性を保証するモデル …etc. • 英語以外の⾔語を対象とした研究 − モデルの開発サイクルを加速させるための評価・分析基盤の整備 • GECタスク⾃体の新たな⽅向性の探究 − 「⽂」から「⽂書」レベルのより⾼度な修正へ
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