Requirements Analysis and Prototyping - Lecture 3 - Human-Computer Interaction (1023841ANR)

This lecture forms part of the course Human-Computer Interaction given at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel.

Transcript

1. Human-Computer Interaction HCI and Interaction Design Prof. Beat Signer Department Vrije beatsigner.com Universiteit of Computer Brussel Science Department of Computer Science Vrije Universiteit Brussel beatsigner.com 2 December 2005
2. Human-Computer Interaction Human-computer interaction is a discipline concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them. ACM SIGCHI Curricula for Human-Computer Interaction ▪ Human-Computer Interaction is a multidisciplinary field Computer Science ▪ Design ▪ Cognitive Science ▪ Psychology ▪ … ▪ September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 2
3. Human-Computer Interaction … ▪ Area of research and practice that emerged in the early 1980s originally a special area in Computer Science embracing cognitive science and human factors engineering ▪ original focus mainly on usability ▪ ▪ Theories and models ▪ GOMS (Goals, Operations, Methods, Selection rules) model, keystroke-level model, Fitts’ law, … ▪ Research methods ▪ surveys, interviews, focus groups, diaries, case studies, ethnography, usability testing, automated data collection, … September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 3
4. Main HCI Conferences ▪ CHI: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems ▪ https://dl.acm.org/conference/chi/ ▪ UIST: ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology ▪ https://dl.acm.org/conference/uist/ ▪ CSCW: ACM Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing ▪ https://dl.acm.org/conference/cscw/ ▪ IUI: Annual Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces ▪ https://dl.acm.org/conference/iui/ September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 4
5. Main HCI Conferences … ▪ TEI: International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction ▪ https://dl.acm.org/conference/tei/ ▪ EICS: International Conference on Engineering Interactive Computing Systems ▪ https://dl.acm.org/conference/eics/ ▪ DIS: ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems ▪ https://dl.acm.org/conference/dis/ ▪ ICMI: International Conference on Multimodal Interaction ▪ https://dl.acm.org/conference/icmi/ September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 5
6. Interaction Design (IxD) [Illustration by Dan Saffer] September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 6
7. Interaction Design (IxD) … Interaction design addresses the design of interactive products to support the way people communicate and interact in their everyday and working lives. Y. Rogers, H. Sharp and J. Preece, Interaction Design: Beyond Human-Computer Interaction ▪ In order to design a product, we first need some requirements whom to ask about the requirements? ▪ will users know what they want or need? ▪ users are unlikely to be able to envision what is possible ▪ - where to get ideas for innovative products? ▪ user-centred design involves users throughout the process September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 7
8. Interaction Design (IxD) … ▪ Reduce negative aspects (user experience) frustration ▪ annoyance ▪ ▪ Design products that are easy to learn, effective to use and provide an enjoyable user experience September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 8
9. What to Design ▪ Who (user) is going to use an interactive product, how (task) is it going to be used and where (context)? ▪ Have to understand the activities people are doing while using the products ▪ How to optimise a user’s interactions with a system, environment or product to support and extend their activities in effective, useful and usable ways? take into account what people are good and bad at (human technology teamwork) ▪ what might help people with the way they currently do things ▪ listen to what people want and get them involved in the design ▪ use established user-based techniques during the design process ▪ September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 9
10. Human Technology Teamwork (Video) September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 10
11. Who Is Involved in Interaction Design ▪ Often carried out in multidisciplinary teams engineers, designers, programmers, users, psychologists, … ▪ creates more ideas as well as more creative and original designs ▪ ▪ Communication between people with different backgrounds might be a challenge ▪ Nowadays companies often seek help from interaction design consultants ▪ Cooper, Nielsen Norman Group, IDEO, … September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 11
12. Good and Poor Design ▪ Voicemail example ▪ Possible interaction 1. 2. Touch 41. Touch *, your room number and #. Instructions to listen to voice messages After picking up the handset we get “beep, beep, beep, there is a message” ▪ As written in the instructions we type ’41’ and get the answer “You have reached the Hilton Brussels City voice message centre. Please enter the room number for which you would like to leave a message.” ▪ After waiting and checking the instructions again we press *, enter our room number and press # to get the answer “You have reached the mailbox for room 106. To leave a message type in your password.” ▪ We type in our room number again and the system replies “Please enter the room number again and then your password.” ▪ September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 12
13. Good and Poor Design … ▪ What is the problem with this voicemail system? confusing ▪ takes too many steps to do basic tasks ▪ difficult to use ▪ impossible to see at a glance how many messages have been left ▪ instructions are partially provided by the system and partially by the instructions card ▪ … ▪ September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 13
14. Good and Poor Design … ▪ Marble answering machine ▪ incoming messages represented by physical marbles ▪ Differences familiar physical objects show the number of messages Marble answering machine, D. Bishop, 1992 ▪ aesthetically pleasing and enjoyable to use ▪ one-step actions to perform a task ▪ simple but elegant design with less functionality ▪ anyone can listen to any of the messages ▪ ▪ Might not be robust enough to be used in public space ▪ important to take into account where a product is going to be used September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 14
15. Marble Answering Machine (Video) September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 15
16. Good and Poor Design ▪ Remote control example ▪ Multiple remote controls each control looks and works differently ▪ often many small, multicoloured and double-labelled buttons ▪ difficult to find the right buttons even for simplest tasks ▪ ▪ Is it better to converge to a single universal control or have multiple specialised one? September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 16
17. Good and Poor Design … ▪ TiVo remote control large and clearly labelled buttons ▪ logically arranged buttons ▪ remote nicely fits into hand ▪ good use of colours and cartoon icons making it easy to identify them ▪ TiVo remote control ▪ Why is the TiVo remote control more usable than others? TiVo followed a user-centred design process ▪ potential users involved in the design process ▪ avoids “buttonitis” trap by offering only the essential functionality on the remote and the rest via on-screen menus ▪ September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 17
18. Interaction Types ▪ Instructing user issues instructions to a system ▪ typing commands, selecting menu options, … ▪ ▪ Conversing ▪ user having a two-way communication/conversion with the system - e.g. ticket booking or help systems ▪ used to find out specific kinds of information ▪ Manipulating ▪ in direct manipulation, digital objects are designed so that they can be interacted with in a similar way as physical real-world objects ▪ Exploring ▪ explore environment by exploiting knowledge of how to navigate through existing spaces September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 18
19. Usability and User Experience ▪ Understand users to be clear about the primary objective of developing an interactive product for them ▪ Objectives can be classified in terms of usability and user experience goals ▪ e.g. product should be highly efficient, entertaining and aesthetically pleasing ▪ Originally, HCI primarily concerned with usability September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 19
20. Usability Goals ▪ Effectiveness how good is the product at doing what it is supposed to do ▪ question: “Is the product capable of allowing people to learn, carry out their work efficiently, access the information they need, or buy the goods they want?” ▪ ▪ Efficiency how well does the product support the user in carrying out their tasks ▪ question: ”Once users have learned how to use a product to carry out their tasks, can they sustain a high level of productivity?” ▪ September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 20
21. Usability Goals … ▪ Safety protect the user from dangerous conditions and undesirable situations ▪ prevent users from making serious errors by mistake ▪ - do not place a quit or delete command next to a save command in a menu - asks for a confirmation for “dangerous” commands ▪ provide different ways to recover from errors - offer some undo functionality ▪ question: “What is the range of errors that are possible using the product and what measures are there to permit users to recover from them?” September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 21
22. Usability Goals … ▪ Utility does the product provide the right kind of functionality ▪ question: “Does the product provide an appropriate set of functions that will enable users to carry out all their tasks in the way they want to do them?” ▪ ▪ Learnability how easy is it to learn to use the system ▪ question: “Is it possible for the user to work out how to use the product by exploring the interface and trying out certain actions? How hard will it be to learn the whole set of functions in this way?” ▪ September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 22
23. Usability Goals … ▪ Memorability ▪ how easy is it to remember how to use a system once it has been learned - meaningful icons, command names and options important for infrequently used products ▪ question: “What kinds of interface support have been provided to help users remember how to carry out tasks, especially for products and operations they use infrequently?” ▪ September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 23
24. User Experience (UX) ▪ How does a product behave and how is it used by people in the real world how do people feel ▪ pleasure and satisfaction when using, holding, opening, … ▪ ▪ We cannot design a user experience but only design for a user experience usability ▪ aesthetics ▪ content ▪ look and feel as well as sensual and emotional appeal ▪ ▪ No unifying theory but conceptual frameworks, verified design methods, guidelines and research findings September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 24
25. User Experience Goals ▪ Desirable aspects ▪ Undesirable aspects - satisfying enjoyable engaging pleasurable exciting entertaining helpful motivating challenging supporting creativity fun rewarding … - ▪ User experience goals are less objective than usability goals September 28, 2026 boring frustrating making one feel guilty annoying childish unpleasant patronising making one feel stupid gimmicky … Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 25
26. 3 Ways Good Design Makes You Happy A picture containing person, person, suit, posing Description automatically generated visceral design behavioural design reflective design DON NORMAN September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 26
27. Double Diamond Design Process (2004) https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/resources/the-double-diamond/ September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 27
28. Understanding the Problem Space ▪ Identification of usability and user experience goals as a prerequisite ▪ Make underlying assumptions and claims explicit ▪ e.g. "people will want to watch TV on their mobile phones" ▪ Articulation of the problem space is typically done as a team effort ▪ Time-consuming process, but reduces the chance of incorrect assumptions and unsupported claims creeping into a design solution ▪ Good understanding of the problem space helps in conceptualising the design space (blueprint) September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 28
29. Developing an Initial Conceptual Model ▪ Define an initial conceptual model by considering which interface metaphors are suitable to help users understand the product? ▪ which interaction type(s) do best support the users’ activities? ▪ ▪ Three-step process for choosing a good interface metaphor understand what the system will do (functional requirements) ▪ understand which parts (tasks or subtasks) of the product are likely to cause users problems, are complicated or critical ▪ choose metaphor to support those critical aspects ▪ - human technology teamwork September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 29
30. Developing an Initial Conceptual Model … ▪ Interaction type depends on the application domain and the kind of product that is developed e.g. manipulating type most likely suited for a game ▪ conceptual model can include a combination of interaction types ▪ - different parts of the interaction associated with different types ▪ Consideration of different interface types at this stage might lead to different design alternatives September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 30
31. Four Approaches to Interaction Design ▪ User-centred design (UCD) user knows best and is the only guide to the designer ▪ designer translates user needs into a design solution ▪ ▪ Activity-centred design (ACD) ▪ user still plays an important role but focus on their behaviour rather than their goals and needs ▪ Systems design ▪ system (people, computers, objects …) is the centre of attention and the user’s role is to set the goal of the system ▪ Genius design relies solely on the experience and creativity of the designer ▪ the user’s role is to validate the design ▪ Dan Saffer, 2009 September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 31
32. Importance of User Involvement ▪ Before user-centred design was used, developers defined requirements based on talking to their managers ▪ talking to people playing the role of users (proxy users) ▪ their own judgement ▪ ▪ User involvement during the development guarantees that user activities are taken into account ▪ Makes sure that the user expectations about a new product are realistic (expectation management) ▪ pre-release versions and hands-on demonstration also help in shaping the expectations September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 32
33. Importance of User Involvement … ▪ Different degrees of user involvement full-time for the duration of the whole project ▪ full-time for a limited time ▪ part-time for the duration of the whole project ▪ part-time for a limited time ▪ ▪ Customer support and logging/error reporting systems after product release September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 33
34. How Much User Involvement? ▪ Some studies have shown that too much user involvement might also lead to problems higher costs ▪ less innovation ▪ lower team effectiveness ▪ over time, users develop more sophisticated ideas and they want to have them incorporated late in the project ▪ … ▪ September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 34
35. User-centred Design Principles 1. Early focus on users and tasks who will be the users ▪ study the characteristics of users ▪ 2. Empirical measurement ▪ identify specific usability and user experience goals - helps to choose between alternative designs - can be used to check the progress ▪ sketches, description in natural language and prototypes help to observe and analyse the performance and reactions of users 3. Iterative design ▪ problems identified in user testing are fixed and evaluated in a next iteration - iteration is particularly important when trying to innovate September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 35
36. Early Focus on Users and Tasks ▪ Users’ tasks and goals are the driving force technology informs design options and choices, but user goals and tasks are the driving force ▪ “What technologies are available to provide better support for users’ goals?” ▪ ▪ Users’ behaviour and context of use are studied and the system is designed to support them ▪ design to support an activity with little understanding of the real work involved is likely to be incompatible with current practice - users do not like to deviate from their learned habits ▪ Users’ characteristics are captured and designed for ▪ take the cognitive and physical limitations of users into account and limit the mistakes they can make September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 36
37. Early Focus on Users and Tasks … ▪ Users are consulted throughout the whole development ▪ respect users and take their input seriously into account ▪ Design decisions are taken within the context of users, their work and their environment ▪ does not necessarily mean that users are actively involved in design decisions September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 37
38. Who are the Users? ▪ Involving the right users is crucial ▪ Different types of users ▪ primary users - frequent hands-on users of the product ▪ secondary users - occasional users or users who use the product through an intermediary ▪ tertiary users - affected by the introduction of the product or influence its purchase ▪ Group of stakeholders for a product normally larger than the group thought of as users ▪ Difficult to find users for products that are a new invention September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 38
39. Interaction Design Process The interaction design process involves four basic activities 1. Establishing requirements ▪ know target users and the required support 2. Designing alternatives that meet the requirements conceptual design ▪ physical design ▪ 3. Prototyping the alternative designs in order that they can be communicated and assessed paper-based prototypes ▪ software prototypes ▪ September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 40
40. Interaction Design Process 4. Evaluating determining the usability and acceptability ▪ observing or talking to users ▪ interviews or questionnaires ▪ September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 41
41. Interaction Design Lifecycle Model Establishing requirements Designing alternatives Evaluating Prototyping September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be Final product 42
42. Designing Alternatives ▪ Should not just stick to a solution that is “good enough” but also consider alternative solutions ▪ Creativity of the designer plays an important role discussion with other designers ▪ studying other designs ▪ - pay attention to copyrights and patent laws solve new problems based on knowledge gained from solving previous similar problems ▪ creativity workshops and brainstorming sessions ▪ “The best way to get a good idea, is to get lots of ideas.” Linus Pauling September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 43
43. TechBox, IDEO ▪ TechBox with interesting labelled objects and materials September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 44
44. Choose Among Alternative Designs ▪ Designs and potential solutions have to be communicated in a suitable form to other people ▪ sketches, description in natural language, prototypes, … ▪ Design decisions based on the information collected about users and their tasks ▪ Decision also based on the technical feasibility of an idea ▪ Decide about externally visible and measurable features ▪ internal characteristics of the system ▪ ▪ Let users and stakeholders interact with the products ▪ decide based on their experience, preferences and suggestions for improvements September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 45
45. Integrating IxD and Other Lifecycle Models ▪ Lifecycle models associated with other disciplines that contribute to interaction design ▪ Software engineering “Human-Centred Software Engineering” (HCSE) ▪ Agile Software Development as a promising attempt ▪ - eXtreme Programming (XP) - Scrum - … September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 46
46. Homework ▪ Watch ‘3 Ways Good Design Makes You Happy’ what is visceral, behavioural and reflective processing? ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RlQEoJaLQRA ▪ A picture containing person, person, suit Description automatically generated September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 47
47. Exercise 2 ▪ Requirements Analysis September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 48
48. Further Reading ▪ Major parts of this lecture are based on the book Interaction Design: Beyond Human-Computer Interaction ▪ chapter 1 - What is Interaction Design ▪ chapter 2 - The Process of Interaction Design ▪ chapter 3 - Conceptualising Interaction September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 49
49. References ▪ Interaction Design: Beyond Human-Computer Interaction, Yvonne Rogers, Helen Sharp and Jenny Preece, Wiley (6th edition), April 2023 ISBN-13: 978-1119901099 ▪ Designing for Interaction: Creating Innovative Applications and Devices, Dan Saffer, New Riders (2nd edition), August 2009 ISBN-13: 978-0321643391 Introduction to Human-Computer Interaction, Kasper Hornbæk, Per Ola Kristensson and Antti Oulasvirta, Oxford University Press, September 2025, ISBN-13: 978-0130461094 September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 50
50. References … ▪ The Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction (2nd edition), Interaction Design Foundation https://bit.ly/3eb2NXs ▪ Durrell Bishop’s Marble Answering Machine ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RgVbXV1krgU ▪ Human Technology Teamwork: The Role of Machines and Humans in Good UX Design, D. Norman, 2017 ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15VmXVPVkyg September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 51
51. References … ▪ 3 Ways Good Design Makes You Happy, D. Norman, TED Talk, February 2003 ▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RlQEoJaLQRA September 28, 2026 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 52
52. Next Lecture Requirements Analysis and Prototyping 2 December 2005